ABSTRACT
O artigo teve por objetivo analisar as metodologias publicadas e empregadas no cálculo da mortalidade atribuível ao fumo. Foram pesquisadas as bases de dados eletrônicas MEDLINE, LILACS entre 1990 e 2006. Foram encontrados 186 estudos que apresentaram a mensuração de mortalidade a partir do cálculo da fração atribuível ao fumo. Desses, foram selecionados 41 artigos. Os estudos realizados nos Estados Unidos e Canadá apresentaram metodologia uniformizada e taxas de mortalidade entre 18 por cento-23 por cento; 25 por cento-29 por cento no sexo masculino e 14 por cento-17 por cento no feminino. As variações metodológicas podem justificar as diferenças da mortalidade entre os estudos e nas estimativas para as principais doenças tabaco-relacionadas.
The objective of the article was to assess methodologies published and applied in calculating mortality attributable to smoking. A review of the literature was made for the period 1990 to 2006, in the electronic databases MEDLINE and LILACS. A total of 186 studies were found, which measured mortality based on calculating the smoking-attributable risk. Of these, a total of 41 were selected. The studies that were carried out in the United States and Canada presented a more standard methodology and reported smoking attributable mortality to be 18 percent-23 percent, with male mortality being 25 percent-29 percent and female mortality 14 percent-17 percent. The variations can be attributed to methodological differences and to different estimates of the main tobacco-related illnesses.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Epidemiologic Studies , Attributable Risk , Tobacco Use Disorder/mortalityABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Leprosy household contact investigation has been recommended as an epidemiological surveillance strategy for more than 50 years. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to estimate the yield that could be achieved in case detection if four contacts could be examined for every case found. METHODS: For the estimation of the number of cases not detected (lost) and yield per contact investigation in Mato Grosso, the incidence rates and yield calculations from a cohort study conducted in Rio de Janeiro by Matos et al (1999) were applied to data from the state of Mato Grosso. Also, to identify high-risk groups for leprosy, a cross-sectional study was conducted in which leprosy cases found as a result of a contact investigation were compared with index cases detected by other means. RESULTS: The lost cases among household contacts were at least 4 per every 10 new cases detected. This is the result of insufficient contact investigations--it being 0.8 instead of 4 contact investigations per each case as recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Up to 60% of the incidence of leprosy could be explained by the high number of lost cases among household contacts not examined. Women and children are more likely to be contacts. CONCLUSION: The lost cases due to insufficient contact investigation represent lost opportunities in early detection and treatment, thus losing the opportunity to reduce leprosy transmission.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Brazil/epidemiology , Child , Child, Preschool , Contact Tracing , Family Characteristics , Female , Humans , Incidence , Leprosy/diagnosis , Male , Population Surveillance , PrevalenceABSTRACT
O presente estudo avaliou a cobertura de avacinaçäo antipólio, DPT, BCG e anti-sarampo em crianças de um ano de idade, na área urbana do município de Teresina (Piauí), em 1983. Dosi métodos de amostragem, o de henderson e Sundaresan7 e uma modificaçäo deste foram utilizados posteriormente comparados quanto aos resultados. A análise de alguns indicadores sociais, como escolaridade dos pais e número de moradores e de crianças do domicílio, nos permitiu estabelecer diferenças entre os grupos de crianças que completaram e as que näo completaram o quadro de imuniaçöes. Uma parte do trabalho dirigiu-se todo geométrico *15, a partir das populaçöes de 1970 e 1980 publicadas pelos Censos Demográficos do IBGE*4,5